Complete the highly useful code fragment below that prints out a giant letter 'N' that is SIZE x SIZE in dimension.

  #include <iostream>
  #include <string>
  using namespace std;
    
  /*
   * Design a program that writes 
   * a 5 by 5 capital letter N 
   * made up of the character 'N'.
   *
   * Output should be:
   * N   N
   * NN  N
   * N N N
   * N  NN
   * N   N
  */
  int main () {
      // Assume SIZE must be odd
      const int SIZE = 5;
        
      // For loop that goes through
      // SIZE rows...
      for (int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) {
          // And loop that goes through
          // SIZE columns
          for (int j = 0; j < SIZE; j++) {
              if (j == 0 || j == SIZE - 1 || j == i) {
                  cout << "N";
              
              // Otherwise, print a space
              } else {
                  cout << " ";
              }
          }
            
          cout << endl;
      }
  }

Complete the code fragment below for playing a number guessing game with your computer!

  #include <iostream>
  #include <string>
  #include <cmath>
  #include <time.h>
  using namespace std;
  
  /*
   * Try to guess the number your computer is thinking of!
   * We first generate a random number between 0 and MAX_CHOICES,
   * prompt the user for a guess, and tell them if they win,
   * are 1 away from the number, or are way off (2+ away).
   * Players have only MAX_TRIES turns to guess the number.
   */
  int main () {
      // Magic incantation: don't worry about for now
      srand(time(NULL));
      const int MAX_CHOICES = 5; // Guess 0 - 4
      const int MAX_TRIES = 3;   // Get 3 tries
      
      // Target is the random number we're guessing
      int target = rand() % MAX_CHOICES,
          counter = 0,
          guess,
          difference;
  
      string hint;
      
      do {
          cout << "Guess a number! ";
          // [!] Collect user's guess
          cin >> guess;
          
          // abs == absolute value
          difference = abs(target - guess);
          
          switch (difference) {
              case 0:
                  cout << "You win!" << endl;
                  return 0;
              case 1:
                  cout << "Off by 1!" << endl;
                  break;
              default:
                  cout << "Way off... just give up." << endl;
                  break;
          }
  
          cout << hint << endl;
          counter++;
      
      // [!] Keep going as long as the user has more tries
      } while (counter < MAX_TRIES);
      
      cout << "YOU LOSE! YOU GET NOTHING! GOOD DAY SIR/MADAME!" << endl;
  }

Design a program that asks the user for text input and then swaps all capital letters for their lowercase equivalents, and vice-versa.

  #include <iostream>
  #include <string>
  #include <cctype>
  using namespace std;
    
  /*
  * Write a program that queries the user for a string,
  * swaps all lowercase letters for uppercase ones (and 
  * vice versa), and then prints out the result.
  */
  int main () {
      string s;
      char c;
        
      // Ask for a string
      cout << "Gimme dat string: ";
      // [!] Collect user's input
      getline(cin, s);
      
      // [!] Iterate through each string character
      for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++) {
          // [!] If it's uppercase, convert to lower, and vice versa
          // We'll use the ternary conditional!
          c = (isupper(s[i])) ? tolower(s[i]) : toupper(s[i]);
  
          // Print out current value of c
          cout << c;
      }
      cout << endl;
  }